Multiple Choice
Identify the
choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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1.
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What happens during photosynthesis?
a. | The cell uses oxygen to make food. | b. | The cell uses the energy in sunlight to make
food. | c. | The cell uses glucose to make oxygen. | d. | The cell uses the energy in sunlight to make
carbon dioxide. |
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2.
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How does photosynthesis benefit heterotrophs?
a. | It adds carbon dioxide to the air. | b. | It creates food that they can
eat. | c. | It eliminates harmful sugars. | d. | It creates clean
water. |
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3.
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What are the products of photosynthesis?
a. | carbon dioxide and water | b. | oxygen and water | c. | carbon dioxide and
sugars | d. | oxygen and sugars |
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4.
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What captures energy from sunlight during photosynthesis?
a. | solar cells | b. | stomata | c. | chlorophyll and
other pigments | d. | carbohydrates |
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5.
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What happens during respiration?
a. | Oxygen is released into the air. | b. | Glucose is broken down, releasing
energy. | c. | Carbohydrates are released into the bloodstream. | d. | Water and carbon
dioxide are converted into energy. |
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6.
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The stage of respiration that releases most of the energy in glucose occurs in
the
a. | nucleus. | b. | chloroplast. | c. | cytoplasm. | d. | mitochondria. |
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7.
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How are photosynthesis and respiration related?
a. | They have opposite equations. | b. | They have the same
equation. | c. | They both produce carbon dioxide. | d. | They both produce
oxygen. |
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8.
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Together, respiration and photosynthesis keep the levels of carbon dioxide and
oxygen in the atmosphere
a. | fairly constant. | b. | constantly changing. | c. | constantly
increasing. | d. | constantly decreasing. |
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9.
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The energy-releasing process that does not require oxygen is called
a. | photosynthesis. | b. | respiration. | c. | fertilization. | d. | fermentation. |
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10.
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Under which of the following conditions is lactic-acid fermentation most likely
to occur?
a. | a very fast run | b. | a long walk | c. | sleeping | d. | playing video
games |
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11.
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In which of these does alcoholic fermentation occur?
a. | carbon dioxide | b. | lactic acid | c. | muscle
cells | d. | yeast |
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12.
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Mitosis is the stage of the cell cycle during which
a. | the cell’s nucleus divides into two new nuclei. | b. | the cell’s DNA
is replicated. | c. | the cell divides into two new cells. | d. | the cell’s cytoplasm
divides. |
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13.
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What happens during cytokinesis in animal cells?
a. | A new round of mitosis begins. | b. | Two new daughter cells are
formed. | c. | Each organelle divides into two parts. | d. | A cell plate forms in the middle of the
cell. |
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14.
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During what stage of the cell cycle does replication occur?
a. | interphase | b. | cytokinesis | c. | prophase | d. | mitosis |
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15.
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What is copied during replication?
a. | the cell’s organelles | b. | chromosomes | c. | the cell’s
DNA | d. | two daughter cells |
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16.
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What are chromatids?
a. | identical strands of chromosomes | b. | identical daughter cells | c. | doubled rods of
condensed chromatin | d. | pigments that absorb the energy in
sunlight |
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17.
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What forms around the chromatids during mitosis?
a. | two new chromosomes | b. | two new nuclei | c. | two new
cells | d. | two new DNA molecules |
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18.
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The stage of the cell cycle that follows mitosis is called
a. | interphase. | b. | metaphase. | c. | cytokinesis. | d. | telophase. |
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19.
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The regular cycle of growth and division that cells undergo is called
a. | replication. | b. | the cell cycle. | c. | interphase. | d. | mitosis. |
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20.
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A DNA molecule is shaped like a
a. | long, thin rod. | b. | spiral staircase. | c. | straight
ladder. | d. | triple helix. |
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21.
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During DNA replication, adenine (A) always pairs with
a. | guanine (G). | b. | cytosine (C). | c. | thymine
(T). | d. | adenine (A). |
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22.
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Each rung of the DNA ladder is made of
a. | a single nitrogen base. | b. | a pair of nitrogen bases. | c. | three nitrogen
bases. | d. | four nitrogen bases. |
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23.
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Cells in multicellular organisms
a. | all look the same. | b. | all have the same
structure. | c. | are often quite different from each other. | d. | are the same size in
every part of the organism. |
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24.
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Specialized cells are found only in
a. | animals. | b. | unicellular organisms. | c. | bacteria. | d. | muliticellular
organisms. |
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25.
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What makes a leaf appear green?
a. | accessory pigments | b. | chlorophyll | c. | vascular
tissue | d. | cuticle |
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26.
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The raw materials of photosynthesis are
a. | sugar and water. | b. | sugar and oxygen. | c. | carbon dioxide and
oxygen. | d. | carbon dioxide and water. |
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27.
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The instructions that determine how a cell will differentiate are coded
a. | in the DNA in the cell’s nucleus. | b. | in the cell’s
cytoplasm. | c. | in stem cells. | d. | in the cell’s
mitochondria. |
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28.
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Which of the following sequences correctly traces energy as it passes through an
ecosystem?
a. | heterotroph, autotrpoh, heterotroph, sun | b. | sun, heterotroph,
autotroph | c. | autotroph, sun, heterotroph | d. | sun, autotroph,
heterotroph |
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29.
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Without cell differentiation, multicellular organisms
a. | would be a big ball of identical cells. | b. | would not have
organs or tissues. | c. | would not have any specialized
cells. | d. | all of the above |
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30.
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Which of the following is TRUE about the structure of DNA?
a. | Scientists do not know the structure of DNA. | b. | DNA is wound tightly
around proteins that support the structure of the chromosome. | c. | Adenine pairs with
cytosine and thymine pairs with guanine. | d. | The molecules of DNA that result from
replication are different from the original molecule of DNA. |
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Modified True/False
Indicate
whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make
the statement true.
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31.
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A heterotroph is an organism that cannot make its own food.
_________________________
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32.
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Plants use energy from the sun to produce carbon dioxide and sugars.
_________________________
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33.
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Carbon dioxide enters plants through the chloroplasts.
_________________________
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34.
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Photosynthesis and respiration form a cycle that keeps the levels of
water and carbon dioxide fairly constant in the atmosphere. _________________________
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35.
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The raw materials for respiration are the opposite of the end products
for photosynthesis. _________________________
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36.
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When muscle cells run low on oxygen, lactic acid fermentation takes
place. _________________________
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37.
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A cell makes a copy of its DNA during the stage of the cell cycle called
mitosis. _________________________
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38.
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In a DNA molecule, guanine always pairs with thymine.
_________________________
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39.
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Each cell in a multicellular organism contains a complete set of DNA, but cells
are capable of differentiation because certain parts of the DNA are turned off during
development.
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40.
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An animal that eats meat is a(n) autotroph.
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Completion
Complete each
statement.
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41.
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Almost all living things depend on the process of ____________________ to supply
them with the energy they need.
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42.
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Small openings called ____________________ allow carbon dioxide to enter a
leaf.
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43.
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Chloroplasts contain a pigment called ____________________ that captures the
energy in light.
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44.
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During respiration, molecules of ____________________ are first broken down in
the cytoplasm.
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45.
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Energy from glucose is released in the process of ____________________.
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46.
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The main difference between respiration and fermentation is that respiration
uses ____________________ to obtain energy from food.
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47.
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The products of respiration are energy, carbon dioxide, and
____________________.
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48.
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The process in which yeasts break down sugars and produce carbon dioxide and
alcohol is called ____________________ fermentation.
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49.
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A cell’s nucleus divides to form two identical nuclei during the stage of
the cell cycle known as ____________________.
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50.
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The final stage of the cell cycle, during which the cytoplasm divides, is called
____________________.
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51.
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During cytokinesis in plant cells, a(n) ____________________ forms across the
middle of the cell.
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52.
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____________________ is the process by which a cell makes an exact copy of its
DNA.
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53.
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The sides of the DNA ladder are made of molecules of deoxyribose and
____________________.
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54.
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The process by which cells change in structure to become capable of carrying out
specialized functions is known as cell _________________.
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55.
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A human ____________ can differentiate into specialized cells throughout the
person’s life.
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56.
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During _______________, energy is released when the chemical bonds of
carbohydrates are broken.
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57.
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You find a colony of single-celled organisms living in a swamp where there is no
oxygen. You predict that these organisms obtain their energy through the process of
______________.
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58.
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Differences in cell structure indicate differences in cell _______________,
enabling multicellular organisms to have cells that perform specialized tasks.
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59.
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Carbon dioxide and water produced during cellular respiration might be taken up
and used by plants during _______________.
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60.
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Photosynthesis yields a sugar molecule that contains ___________ carbon
atoms.
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Short Answer
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Use the diagram to answer each question. 
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61.
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Identify A and B, which are the raw materials for respiration.
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62.
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Explain where raw materials A and B come from.
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63.
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Identify C and D, which are the products of respiration.
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64.
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Is oxygen required for the stage of respiration that takes place in the
cytoplasm? Is oxygen required for the stage of respiration that takes place in mitochondria?
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65.
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Compare the amount of energy released by the stage of respiration that takes
place in the cytoplasm with the amount released in the stage of respiration that takes place in the
mitochondria.
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66.
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Can you tell whether the cell shown is a plant cell or an animal cell? Explain
why or why not.
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Use the diagram to answer each question. 
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67.
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Identify the stages of the cell cycle represented by drawings 1–5.
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68.
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Which drawings represent parts of mitosis?
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69.
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List drawings 1-5 in their correct order, beginning with the drawing that
represents interphase.
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70.
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Identify structure A and describe its function.
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71.
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Identify the structures labeled B. What do these structures contain?
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72.
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Explain what is happening in drawing 4.
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Essay
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73.
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Animals do not make their own food from energy in sunlight. Explain why they
still depend on the sun for energy.
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74.
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Briefly explain what happens in each of the two stages of photosynthesis.
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75.
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Explain the following statement: Photosynthesis and respiration are opposite
processes.
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76.
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Define DNA replication and explain its function.
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77.
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Suppose one side of a piece of DNA contains the following series of nitrogen
bases: A-C-G-C-T-T. What is the series of nitrogen bases on the other side of that piece of DNA?
Explain how you arrived at your answer.
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78.
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Briefly explain what happens in each of the two stages of respiration. State the
end products and where the stages occur in the cell.
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79.
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Compare and contrast the process of cell differentiation in humans and in
plants.
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80.
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In the past, severe volcanic eruptions have thrown so much dust into the
atmosphere that the amount of sunlight reaching Earth’s surface has been reduced. Explain what
might happen to animal populations as a result, and why.
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