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Chapter 12

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
 

 1. 
At some point in their lives, all chordates have a flexible supporting rod in their backs called a
a.
notochord.
b.
gill.
c.
nerve cord.
d.
backbone.
 

 2. 
To which phylum do vertebrates belong?
a.
Arthropoda
b.
Chordata
c.
Porifera
d.
Echinodermata
 

 3. 
What does the backbone surround and protect in a vertebrate?
a.
the heart and lungs
b.
vertebrae
c.
the spinal cord
d.
the gill slits
 

 4. 
If an animal is an ectotherm, it has
a.
a skeleton on the outside of its body.
b.
a skeleton on the inside of its body.
c.
a body that regulates its own internal temperature.
d.
a body that does not produce much internal heat.
 

 5. 
When the temperature of the environment changes, the body temperature of a reptile
a.
changes.
b.
stays the same.
c.
always increases.
d.
always decreases.
 

 6. 
Fishes take in oxygen through their
a.
fins.
b.
gills.
c.
scales.
d.
vertebrae.
 

 7. 
Most fishes reproduce by means of
a.
budding.
b.
asexual reproduction.
c.
external fertilization.
d.
internal fertilization.
 

 8. 
Which of the following fishes has a skeleton made of hard bone?
a.
a shark
b.
a ray
c.
a goldfish
d.
a hagfish
 

 9. 
What type of fish is a lamprey?
a.
a bony fish
b.
a jawless fish
c.
a cartilaginous fish
d.
an endothermic fish
 

 10. 
If a fish’s swim bladder was destroyed, the fish would be unable to
a.
stabilize its body at different depths.
b.
eliminate excess oxygen.
c.
digest food.
d.
process body wastes.
 

 11. 
Most adult amphibians can obtain oxygen through
a.
gills.
b.
gills and lungs.
c.
lungs and thin, moist skin.
d.
lungs only.
 

 12. 
An adaptation that helps amphibians move from place to place on land is
a.
eggs covered by jelly.
b.
moist skin.
c.
a transparent membrane that keeps the eyes from drying out.
d.
a strong skeleton.
 

 13. 
Amphibians are especially sensitive to changes in the environment because
a.
few amphibians have camouflage.
b.
their eggs are tough and leathery.
c.
they do well only in sunny areas.
d.
their skin is delicate.
 

 14. 
An adult reptile can survive on dry land because its kidneys
a.
help support the weight of the reptile’s body.
b.
produce concentrated urine.
c.
help the reptile obtain oxygen.
d.
keep the reptile’s skin from drying out.
 

 15. 
Which of these organs help a reptile keep water in its body?
a.
skin and heart
b.
skin and kidneys
c.
heart and kidneys
d.
heart and lungs
 

 16. 
How is a reptile egg different from an amphibian egg?
a.
It is covered with protective jelly.
b.
It has a shell and internal membranes.
c.
It must be kept in shallow water.
d.
It does not release carbon dioxide.
 

 17. 
One major difference between lizards and snakes is that lizards
a.
have legs.
b.
are herbivores.
c.
can live in very cold climates.
d.
are endotherms.
 

 18. 
Which of the following statements is true of the feeding behavior of all snakes?
a.
They are carnivores.
b.
They inject venom through fangs.
c.
They chew their prey with sharp fangs.
d.
They strangle their prey.
 

 19. 
All turtles obtain food by
a.
spreading their jaws wide apart as they swallow.
b.
feeding on large plants, including cactuses.
c.
using sharp-edged beaks to tear food.
d.
capturing and eating small animals.
 

 20. 
Evidence indicates that birds are descended from
a.
reptiles.
b.
mammals.
c.
insects.
d.
amphibians.
 

 21. 
A bird’s nearly hollow bones help it to
a.
store extra oxygen.
b.
deliver oxygen to its cells.
c.
be lightweight in the air.
d.
defend itself against predators.
 

 22. 
Some birds swallow small stones, which help them to
a.
fly faster.
b.
keep warm.
c.
get more oxygen.
d.
grind food.
 

 23. 
Which characteristic is NOT common to all mammals?
a.
They are ectotherms.
b.
Their hearts have four chambers.
c.
Their skin is covered with hair or fur.
d.
Their young are fed with milk produced by organs in the mother’s body.
 

 24. 
The large muscle that enables mammals to breathe in and out is called the
a.
lung.
b.
respiratory muscle.
c.
air sac.
d.
diaphragm.
 

 25. 
Salamander and frog larvae differ in that
a.
salamander larvae have tails.
b.
the larvae of salamanders look like adults.
c.
frog larvae have lungs.
d.
salamander larvae have lungs.
 

 26. 
What characteristic is used to classify a mammal as a monotreme, marsupial, or placental mammal?
a.
the environment in which it lives
b.
how much hair or fur it has
c.
the structure of its brain
d.
the way in which its young develop
 

 27. 
A mammal’s gestation period is the length of time
a.
during which the mammal depends on its parents to bring it food.
b.
between fertilization and birth.
c.
between egg-laying and hatching.
d.
for which it drinks its mother’s milk.
 

 28. 
Where does a placental mammal develop before its body systems can function independently?
a.
inside its mother’s body
b.
in a pouch on its mother’s body
c.
in a nest near its mother
d.
inside an egg that is protected by the mother
 

 29. 
Which of the following sets of organisms is listed in the probable order of evolution?
a.
reptiles, birds, amphibians
b.
jawless fishes, bony fishes, cartilaginous fishes
c.
reptiles, mammals, birds
d.
bony fishes, reptiles, amphibians
 

 30. 
Sixty-five million years ago, meat-eating dinosaurs may have gone hungry because
a.
climate change had caused the death of many plants, killing off plant-eating dinosaurs that were the meat-eating dinosaurs’ prey.
b.
at that time all meat-eating dinosaurs had evolved front limbs that were too short to capture prey.
c.
all the plant-eating dinosaurs, such as Brachiosaurus, were too big for a meat-eating dinosaur to kill alone.
d.
meat-eating dinosaurs were ectotherms, not endotherms.
 

Modified True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.  If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true.
 

 31. 
Part or all of the notochord of vertebrates is replaced by a(n) nerve cord as the animal becomes an adult. _________________________

 

 32. 
The temperature of a(n) endotherm usually doesn’t change much even when the temperature of its environment changes. _________________________

 

 33. 
The waste product carbon dioxide is removed from a fish’s blood through its gills. _________________________

 

 34. 
Most fishes are cartilaginous. _________________________

 

 35. 
Amphibians are declining in number because of habitat destruction and predators in the environment._________________________

 

 36. 
Reptiles have moist, tough skins covered with scales. _________________________

 

 37. 
Snakes move by contracting bands of scales connected to their ribs and backbone. _________________________

 

 38. 
All birds have hearts with four chambers. _________________________

 

 39. 
Marsupial mammals are born at a(n) later stage of development than placental mammals. _________________________

 

 40. 
During reproduction, an amphibian adapts to living on land instead of living in water. _____________________

 

Completion
Complete each statement.
 

 41. 
Pharyngeal slits may also be called ____________________.
 

 

 42. 
Mammals and ____________________ are the two groups of vertebrates that are endotherms.
 

 

 43. 
Structures that help fish move are called ____________________ and typically consist of a thin membrane stretched across bony supports.
 

 

 44. 
Sharks, rays, and skates have skeletons made of ____________________.
 

 

 45. 
Most bony fishes have an organ called a(n) ____________________, which allows a fish to stabilize its body at different depths.
 

 

 46. 
Strong skeletons and ____________________ are adaptations of amphibians for movement on land.
 

 

 47. 
A reptile’s kidneys excrete wastes in a watery fluid called ____________________.
 

 

 48. 
Tiny holes in the shell of a reptile’s egg allow the embryo to get rid of a waste gas called _________________________.
 

 

 49. 
The ____________________ inside a reptile’s egg provides the embryo with food.
 

 

 50. 
A turtle’s ____________________ includes the turtle’s ribs and backbone.
 

 

 51. 
Birds have ____________________ feathers that give shape to their bodies.
 

 

 52. 
A bird’s ____________________ squeezes and grinds food.
 

 

 53. 
A bird’s two-loop circulatory system is efficient at delivering ____________________ to cells.
 

 

 54. 
A large muscle called the ____________________, which is located at the bottom of the ribs, helps mammals to breathe.
 

 

 55. 
The number of chambers in a mammal’s heart is ____________________.
 

 

 56. 
Mammals have an insulating material called ____________________ beneath their skins.
 

 

 57. 
A group of mammals that includes only three species is the ____________________.
 

 

 58. 
Pregnant female monotremes and marsupials lack a(n) ____________________, which is an organ that passes materials between an embryo and its mother.
 

 

 59. 
As a tadpole becomes a frog, its circulatory and _______________ systems undergo significant changes that will allow it to live on land.
 

 

 60. 
Examing molecular evidence allows scientists to determine evolutionary relationships based on similarities in the structure of proteins and ________________.
 

 

Short Answer
 
 
Use the diagram to answer each question.

nar001-1.jpg
 

 61. 
Identify the structure labeled A and describe its function.
 

 62. 
Describe the structure of a fish’s heart.
 

 63. 
Identify the structures labeled C and describe their function.
 

 64. 
Describe the path followed by blood after it leaves a fish’s heart.
 

 65. 
Is the animal in the diagram a cartilaginous fish or a bony fish? Explain your reasoning.
 

 66. 
What does the swim bladder contain? What is the function of the swim bladder?
 
 
Use the diagram to answer each question.
Characteristics of Birds and Mammals
Animal A
Animal B
Animal C
Cannot fly
Can fly
Can fly
Lays eggs
Lays eggs
Does not lay eggs
Has a diaphragm
Has a gizzard
Has hair
Has webbed feet
Has webbed feet
Has webbed fingers
Has a bill
Has a bill
Has teeth
 

 67. 
Is animal B a bird or a mammal? Explain your reasoning.
 

 68. 
Are any of the animals in the table ectotherms? Explain.
 

 69. 
Is animal A a bird or a mammal? Explain your reasoning.
 

 70. 
Is animal C a bird or a mammal? Explain your reasoning.
 

 71. 
In which of the animals in the table do the females produce milk?
 

 72. 
Decide whether mammal A is a monotreme, a marsupial, or a placental mammal. Explain your reasoning.
 

Essay
 

 73. 
What is an endotherm? How do sweating, fur, and feathers affect the body temperatures of endotherms?
 

 74. 
Compare and contrast the mouths and skeletons of the three major groups of fish.
 

 75. 
How might a large farm that uses many pesticides affect amphibian populations living downstream? Why do amphibians experience these effects?
 

 76. 
Identify two ways in which snakes and lizards are alike. Then identify two ways in which they are different from one another.
 

 77. 
How do parent birds usually care for their eggs? Why is this care necessary?
 

 78. 
Describe the path that blood follows through a bird’s circulatory system. Begin with the right side of the heart. In your answer, explain where the blood picks up oxygen and where it releases the oxygen to the bird’s body cells.
 

 79. 
How are monotremes similar to birds in the way that they reproduce? Identify three ways in which monotremes are different from reptiles.
 

 80. 
If an animal does not have four legs, can it be a mammal? Explain.
 



 
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