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Chapter 9

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
 

 1. 
Why are viruses like parasites?
a.
They harm the cells they enter.
b.
They multiply.
c.
They use their own energy to develop.
d.
They make their own food.
 

 2. 
The only characteristic that viruses share with living organisms is
a.
their size, which is the same as living cells.
b.
their protein coat.
c.
their ability to invade host cells.
d.
their ability to multiply.
 

 3. 
What directly provides energy for a virus?
a.
food
b.
its host
c.
the sun
d.
a parasite
 

 4. 
A virus’s proteins are important because they
a.
contain genetic material.
b.
make new virus particles.
c.
provide energy for the virus.
d.
help the virus attach to its host.
 

 5. 
A hidden virus
a.
cannot attach to a host cell.
b.
becomes part of the host cell’s genetic material.
c.
immediately takes over the cell’s functions.
d.
attaches to but does not enter the cell.
 

 6. 
The best treatment for most viral infections is
a.
an over-the-counter medication.
b.
a vaccine.
c.
an antibiotic.
d.
bed rest.
 

 7. 
How does a vaccine work?
a.
It activates the body’s natural defenses.
b.
It weakens the cell walls of bacteria, causing the cells to burst.
c.
It treats the symptoms of an infection.
d.
It attacks antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
 

 8. 
Which of the following stimulates a person’s body to produce chemicals that destroy viruses or bacteria?
a.
antibiotic
b.
vaccine
c.
toxin
d.
endospore
 

 9. 
The process of breaking down food to release its energy is called
a.
conjugation.
b.
respiration.
c.
binary fission.
d.
nutrition.
 

 10. 
Heterotrophic bacteria obtain food by
a.
capturing the sun’s energy.
b.
using the energy from chemicals in their environment.
c.
consuming autotrophs and other heterotrophs.
d.
helping autotrophs make food.
 

 11. 
What process results in genetically different bacteria?
a.
binary fission
b.
respiration
c.
conjugation
d.
asexual reproduction
 

 12. 
Endospores form during
a.
binary fission.
b.
sunlight hours.
c.
respiration.
d.
harsh environmental conditions.
 

 13. 
Binary fission is the bacterial process of
a.
asexual reproduction.
b.
obtaining food.
c.
producing energy.
d.
forming endospores.
 

 14. 
What important role do bacteria called decomposers play?
a.
They return basic chemicals to the environment.
b.
They slow down food spoilage.
c.
They kill harmful bacteria.
d.
They produce vitamins.
 

 15. 
Which of the following is NOT a role of bacteria that live in human bodies?
a.
digesting food
b.
competing for space with disease-causing bacteria
c.
making vitamins
d.
fixing nitrogen
 

 16. 
Like animals, animal-like protists are
a.
autotrophs.
b.
heterotrophs.
c.
unicellular.
d.
prokaryotes.
 

 17. 
Which structures allow sarcodines such as amoebas to move?
a.
cilia
b.
contractile vacuoles
c.
flagella
d.
pseudopods
 

 18. 
What characteristic do all algae share?
a.
They are autotrophs.
b.
They are unicellular.
c.
They are multicellular.
d.
They live in colonies.
 

 19. 
Which of the following is an example of symbiotic mutualism?
a.
two paramecia exchanging genetic material
b.
the zooflagellate Giardia reproducing in a human
c.
the sporozoan Plasmodium feeding on a human cell
d.
a zooflagellate digesting food in a termite’s intestine
 

 20. 
What animal-like characteristic do euglenoids have?
a.
They have a flagellum.
b.
They can sometimes be heterotrophs.
c.
They have light-sensitive pigments.
d.
They are autotrophs.
 

 21. 
What do fungi have in common with animals?
a.
They are autotrophs.
b.
They are heterotrophs.
c.
They have cell walls.
d.
They use spores to reproduce.
 

 22. 
Where would fungi NOT likely thrive?
a.
forest floor
b.
wet bathroom tiles
c.
damp tree bark
d.
desert
 

 23. 
What a multicellular fungus looks like depends on how
a.
it obtains food.
b.
it reproduces.
c.
its gills are arranged.
d.
its hyphae are arranged.
 

 24. 
What type of reproduction produces fungi that are different from either parent?
a.
budding
b.
asexual reproduction
c.
sexual reproduction
d.
dividing
 

 25. 
A fungus–plant root association is an example of
a.
an independent relationship.
b.
symbiotic mutualism.
c.
a decomposing relationship.
d.
disease fighting.
 

 26. 
Fungi that decompose dead organisms
a.
can cause serious disease in plants.
b.
live in symbiosis with other organisms.
c.
return important nutrients to the soil.
d.
are often called pioneer organisms.
 

 27. 
What bacteria-killing fungus did Fleming isolate in his 1928 experiment?
a.
Rhizopus
b.
corn smut
c.
wheat rust
d.
Penicillium
 

 28. 
A cell in which the genetic material is floating in the cytoplasm is a(n)
a.
eukaryote.
b.
virus.
c.
prokaryote.
d.
bacteriophage.
 

 29. 
The only type of algae that is both an autotroph and a heterotroph is
a.
red algae.
b.
euglenoid algae.
c.
dinoflagellate algae.
d.
green algae.
 

 30. 
The algae most similar to plants in terms of tissue differentiation and structure are
a.
green algae.
b.
diatoms.
c.
red algae.
d.
brown algae.
 

Modified True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.  If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true.
 

 31. 
One reason that viruses are considered to be nonliving is that they are not made of protein. _________________________

 

 32. 
The inner core of a virus contains genetic material. _________________________

 

 33. 
When a virus invades a living cell, its outer coat takes over the cell’s functions. _________________________

 

 34. 
Binary fission occurs when a bacterium transfers some of its genetic material to another bacterium. _________________________

 

 35. 
Animal-like protists are commonly called algae. _________________________

 

 36. 
A contractile vacuole is a structure that collects extra water and expels it from a protist. _________________________

 

 37. 
The part of a fungus that produces spores is the fruiting body. _________________________

 

 38. 
Bread rises due to the action of fungi called molds. _________________________

 

 39. 
A lichen consists of a(n) yeast and either an alga or an autotrophic bacterium. _________________________

 

 40. 
A cell in which the DNA is found in the nucleus is always a(n) prokaryote. ______________

 

Completion
Complete each statement.
 

 41. 
The ability to ____________________ is the only characteristic that viruses share with living organisms.
 

 

 42. 
A virus’s _________________________ contains the instructions for making new viruses.
 

 

 43. 
The shape of the ____________________ on a virus’s coat allows the virus to attach to certain cells.
 

 

 44. 
A virus that begins to multiply immediately after it enters a cell is called a(n) ____________________ virus.
 

 

 45. 
A(n) ____________________ is a substance that stimulates the body to produce chemicals that destroy viruses or bacteria.
 

 

 46. 
Many over-the-counter ____________________ can help relieve symptoms of a viral infection.
 

 

 47. 
Autotrophic bacteria either use the sun’s energy to make food or break down ____________________ in their environment.
 

 

 48. 
Like all organisms, bacteria need a constant supply of ____________________ to carry out their life functions.
 

 

 49. 
When bacteria reproduce by ____________________, one cell divides to form two identical cells.
 

 

 50. 
Some bacteria are called ____________________ because they break down large chemicals in dead organisms into small chemicals.
 

 

 51. 
Bacteria in swellings on the roots of peanut plants convert ____________________ gas from the air into compounds that the plants need to grow.
 

 

 52. 
All funguslike protists are able to ____________________ at some point in their lives.
 

 

 53. 
Slime molds are one type of ____________________ protist.
 

 

 54. 
All fungi consist of cells with cell walls and nuclei, meaning that they are _____________.
 

 

 55. 
Fungi rely on air or water to disperse their __________________  to new places where conditions are favorable for growth.
 

 

 56. 
Yeast cells undergo a form of asexual reproduction called ____________________.
 

 

 57. 
The antibiotic ____________________ resulted from the work of Alexander Fleming, who noticed that bacteria did not grow near a spot of mold in a petri dish.
 

 

 58. 
The  two types of algae that are always multicellular are brown and ____________ algae.
 

 

 59. 
_________________ are armored unicellular algae propelled by flagella.
 

 

 60. 
Both bacteria and euglenoids can be autotrophic or heterotrophic. Both are unicellular, and both move using flagella. Unlike euglenoids, bacteria do not contain their genetic material in a nucleus, so bacteria are classified as __________________.
 

 

Short Answer
 
 
Use the diagram to answer each question.

nar001-1.jpg
 

 61. 
How does the diagram show that viruses multiply differently than organisms do?
 

 62. 
Identify the structures inside the bacterium in part C of the diagram.
 

 63. 
Arrange the steps shown in the diagram in their proper sequence.
 

 64. 
Describe what is happening in part A of the diagram.
 

 65. 
Describe what is happening in part B of the diagram.
 

 66. 
Does the diagram show the multiplication of an active virus or a hidden virus? Explain.
 
 
Use the diagram to answer each question.

nar002-1.jpg
 

 67. 
What kingdom does the organism in the diagram belong to? What is the common name of this organism?
 

 68. 
Describe how the cells of the organism in the diagram are arranged.
 

 69. 
Identify the structures labeled A in the diagram, and explain how they are used in feeding.
 

 70. 
List characteristics shared by organisms in the same kingdom as the organism shown.
 

 71. 
What function do spores serve, and how do they move from place to place?
 

 72. 
List two ways that the organism in the diagram can be helpful to humans.
 

Essay
 

 73. 
A space probe finds no signs of life on another planet. Is it likely that there are viruses on that planet? Explain your reasoning.
 

 74. 
Describe the basic structures of viruses and explain their roles.
 

 75. 
What is an endospore and what is its role in a bacterium?
 

 76. 
Why are decomposing bacteria and nitrogen-converting bacteria important to farmers?
 

 77. 
Describe the three types of funguslike protists.
 

 78. 
Describe how a mold growing on an orange obtains its food.
 

 79. 
Distinguish between asexual and sexual reproduction in fungi.
 

 80. 
On a humid summer afternoon, you discover that a piece of bread you took out in the morning has become moldy. Describe the characteristics of the mold and how it has reproduced. Would this same scenario be as likely to occur on a dry winter day? Why or why not?
 



 
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